** Inothi Lomhleli: I-Queer Gothic Foundation of Modern Horror iyingxenye yochungechunge lwethu oluqhubekayo ku Inyanga Yokuziqhenya Esabekayo, kukhanyisela ukuzibandakanya komphakathi we-LGBTQ ekwakheni uhlobo.

Kukhona okuthile okonakele ngokwemvelo ngendaba ye-Gothic horror. Mhlawumbe yizindlu ezihloniphekile nezintambo ezigcwele inkungu. Mhlawumbe, ngabesilisa nabesifazane abagqoke kahle.

Into eyodwa icacile, nokho, ekucwaningeni nasekufundeni leyo mibhalo: ukubhalwa kwalezo zindaba ezihlasimulisayo kwakha okungenakuqedwa lokho okusabisayo namuhla, futhi izandla eziningi ezaziphethe amapeni okudala nazo, ngokwazo, zazingamaqiniso.

Ngezansi uzothola uhlu lwabanye kuphela balababhali abakholekayo.

UHorace Walpole

Ukubuyela emuva emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka, sithola Inqaba yase-Otranto. Kubhekwe kakhulu inoveli yokuqala yamaGothic, le ndaba yabhalwa nguHoratio "Horace" Walpole, u-4th Earl wase-Orford. UWalpole wayeyindodana kaNdunankulu wokuqala waseBrithani, futhi kusukela empilweni yakhe yokuqala kwacaca ukuthi wayengeyena "ojwayelekile" ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi.

Abaningi baye bacabanga ukuthi uWalpole wayeyisitabane, yize izazi-mlando zakamuva ziphikisa ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyintandokazi njengoba wayebonakala engakhombisi isifiso senyama kunoma ngubani. Kwakucatshangwa nokuthi yena, njengabanye ababhali abaningi okuxoxwe ngabo lapha, waphendukela ekubhaleni izindaba ezesabekayo njengekhodi ngoba bebengakwazi ukukhuluma ngokukhululeka ngokuthanda kwabo ubulili ngenxa yokungekho emthethweni kobungqingili.

UWalpole wayaziwa ngokuchitha isikhathi nabesifazane abanjengoMary Berry, umbhali ongaqanjiwe wangaleso sikhathi abaningi ababembiza ngokuthi ungungqingili, yena uqobo ngenxa yokwenqaba iziphakamiso zomshado eziningana nokugxeka kwakhe ngokuqinile imikhuba yomshado womphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, abesifazane ababengenamathuba amancane okukhombisa noma iyiphi intshisekelo yothando kuye.

Le noveli, uqobo lwayo, isungule izinto eziningi nobuhle obukhona ngokwesiko lwanamuhla lamaGoth namuhla okuhlanganisa indaba esabisayo futhi ethokozisayo ngobuciko obuphakathi bangezikhathi zasendulo, futhi inani elikhulu lababhali besikhathi esizayo belizokweleta isikweletu esikhulu kunoveli kaWalpole njengoba ibibeka isisekelo samanoveli abo.

UWilliam Thomas Beckford

Ukuqhubekela phambili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sithola uWilliam Thomas Beckford, naye waseNgilandi.

Wazalwa ngo-1760, u-Beckford wayezogcwalisa izindima eziningi empilweni yakhe njengombhali wezombusazwe, usopolitiki, umphathi wezobuciko, umgxeki nombhali wezokuvakasha. Wayenjalo, njengoba kwakulindelekile kuye, eshadile futhi ekugcineni umshado wakhiqiza amadodakazi amabili.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba uLord Byron ayezobhala kamuva enkondlweni yakhe ethi “To Dives – A Fragment”, uBeckford “wayengelwa ezenzweni eziqalekisiwe” futhi “washaywa ukoma okungavunyelwe kobugebengu okungashiwongo ngegama.” Isazi se-Byron u-EH Coleridge washo eqoqweni lakhe lemisebenzi ka-Byron ukuthi le migqa ibhalwe ngqo ngo-Beckford. Akukona ukweqa nhlobo ukufunda imigqa njengesitatimende esinamakhodi ezifisweni zikankosikazi kaBekford.

Ngempela, uBeckford wachitha iminyaka eminingana ekudingisweni ngenxa yothando lwezitabane ayenalo nensizwa egama linguWilliam “Kitty” Courteney. Yize babengekho ndawonye, ​​u-Beckford wabhala uWilliam kaningi futhi eziningi zalezo zinhlamvu zaqoqwa ngevolumu enesihloko Umfana Wami Othandekayo: Izincwadi Zothando Lwezitabane Emakhulwini Eminyaka.

Phakathi kwemibhalo eminingi kaBekford kwakukhona noveli, UVathek, inganekwane engajwayelekile futhi esontekile lapho umlingiswa we-titular elahla ukunamathela kwakhe enkolweni yamaSulumane futhi ezinikela ekuziphatheni okuxekethile ngokocansi efuna amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. Lapho lezo zenzo zibonakala zingaphumeleli, uphendukela ezenzweni ezimbi kakhulu ezibandakanya ukunikela ngezingane ezingama-50 ekuphishekeleni amandla.

U-Beckford ukhiphe imithombo eminingi ekwakheni UVathek kufaka phakathi iQuran nezinganekwane zaseMpumalanga ezazidumile ngaleso sikhathi. Wabuye wanezela iJinn eyimfihlakalo, evuthayo ngisho noNkulunkulukazi uBilqis owayekhulunywa ngemibhalo eminingi yezenkolo. Namuhla, kubhekwa njengomunye wemisebenzi yokuqala yezincwadi ezimnyama zamaphupho.

UFrancis Lathom

Wazalwa ngo-1774, eminyakeni eyi-14 kuphela ngemuva kuka-Beckford, uFrancis Lathom waba ngumbhali wezincwadi odumile waseGothic. Izimo ezazizungeze ukuzalwa kwakhe zazinzima kakhulu, kepha siyazi ukuthi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala eNorwich ngo-1791.

Ngo-1797, wahlangana futhi washada noDiana Ganning, futhi bobabili babenezingane ezine, kodwa ngo-1810, wabaleka umshado, namahemuhemu esikhathi akhomba ezindabeni zakhe zothando lobungqingili njengesizathu sokuhamba kwakhe okungazelelwe nokungaqondakali.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waphela ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa ngokubonga ukuthi wayesekhiqize amanoveli amaningana amaGothic azosiza ekulolongeni lolu hlobo esikhathini esizayo. Kulabo, okudume kakhulu nokwamukelwa kahle kwakungu- I-Mid Mid Bell.

Kule noveli, insizwa egama layo lingu-Alphonsus Cohenburg iqala umkhankaso wokufuna ukubuyisa izindawo zayo ezebiwe. Izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala kwezintathu zenoveli zilandela wonke amathrekhi endaba ejwayelekile yokufuna njengoba u-Alphonsus ethatha izindima ezahlukahlukene ngenkathi ecashile kubandakanya neyamasosha futhi kamuva nomsebenzi wasemayini.

Ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yenoveli, nokho, eyaqinisa idumela layo njengendaba eyethusayo yamaGothic. Le noveli igcwala ngokuzumayo ngemifanekiso yama-gothic ngaphakathi kwenqaba yaseCohenburg futhi ifaka nezindaba zama-apparitions aphenduka abe yi-cabal yamakholi amabi ahlangana ngasese endaweni.

Isihloko sisho insimbi ekhokhiswayo ukubiza lezo zindela emasikweni azo amnyama.

Le noveli yayinodumo ngesikhathi sayo futhi uJane Austen wayifaka njengenye “yamanoveli amabi” akhuluma ngayo kuye INorthanger Abbey.

Noma ngubani obonile noma yimaphi amafilimu amaHammer Horror awonakele angama-60s angahlola kalula amathonya kaLathom.

UMatthew Lewis

Ngokungafani nabanye ababhali abakulolu hlu, abukho ubufakazi bangempela bokuthi uMatthew “Monk” Lewis wake wazibandakanya kwezobungqingili uqobo. Isihloko ngesinye okuke kwaxoxwa ngaso, ngobufakazi obuvela ezinhlangothini zombili zempikiswano ezingafinyeleli esiphethweni sangempela. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla akunandaba.

Ukuntula ubufakazi bangempela, yindaba yakhe, hhayi impilo yakhe uqobo, emthola efakiwe lapha.

Inoveli kaLewis edume kakhulu, UMonki, yabhalwa lapho ineminyaka engu-19 kuphela futhi yayinamahloni kusukela ekuqaleni ekuphikiseni kwayo ubuKatolika obugqamile nokuboniswa kwayo kokugqoka okwehlukile, uketshezi lobulili, kanye nobudlelwano besilisa nabesilisa.

Isakhiwo se UMonki ididekile futhi iyinkimbinkimbi njenganoma yikuphi engake ngakufunda okwenza isingqikithi esifushane singenzeki. Ungathola isifinyezo esiphelele ku- Wikipedia, noma kunjalo.

Iyakhazimula futhi iyesabisa njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwayo engake ngayifunda, futhi kufanele ibe sezinhlwini zokufunda ezidingekayo zanoma ngubani ofunda kumlando we-queer wesabekayo.

UJoseph Sheridan Le Fanu

Siqala kanjalo isigaba se-Ireland salolu hlu.

USheridan Le Fanu, njengoba ayaziwa ngokomsebenzi, wazalelwa e-Ireland ngo-1814, futhi ngesikhathi esaphila wayezokwaziwa njengomunye wababikezeli abakhulu kakhulu bezindaba eziyimimoya nezesabekayo zesizukulwane sakhe.

Ngenkathi izindaba zakhe eziningi zaziwa kahle kuze kube namuhla, yincwadi yakhe yenoveli UCarmilla lokho kumletha kulolu hlu.

Le ndaba ilandiswa ngumlingisi wayo omkhulu, uLaura, futhi ifaka i-vampire yesifazane egama linguCarmilla uLaura azithola ehehwa yiyo. Yize uLe Fanu ebhala ngesilinganiso esithile sokubhekisisa ubulili babalingiswa bakhe, ukukhanga kukaLaura kuyabonakala futhi nemvelo yenkanuko yobudlelwano bakhe noCarmilla iyagxuma kuleli khasi.

Le noveli isebenze njengomthombo wamafilimu amaningi nokuzivumelanisa nezinkundla, futhi isibe yindinganiso yegolide kwabanye abazame isandla sabo ekubhaleni amanoveli e-vampire abathandana nabobulili obufanayo.

Oscar Wilde

Ngenkathi iningi licabanga ngobungcweti obukhulu namahlaya ka-Oscar Wilde, umuntu akumele akhohlwe ukuthi wabhala owathandwa kakhulu Isithombe seDorian Gray.

Mhlawumbe ayikho enye inoveli eseke yakuzwakalisa ngokuphelele ukuthanda umphakathi wobungqingili nentsha nobungqabavu kanye nendaba kaWilde kaDorian Grey oyimfihlakalo onomdwebo wakhe oneminyaka eminingi unyaka nonyaka njengoba ehlala emncane futhi emuhle.

UWilde wazibeka ethubeni lokuthi abanye abambalwa baba nesibindi empilweni yakhe, waphila impilo yakhe ngokusobala ngangokunokwenzeka, okwaholela ekuboshweni kwakhe "ngamanyala amakhulu" iminyaka emibili, okuyisigwebo esiphezulu esivunyelwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuziphendulela kwakhe ngokungagunci futhi okuhlabayo ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala lakhe kuyizinto zezinganekwane futhi ukhuliswe ngokufanelekile waba yisithonjana emphakathini we-quer kuze kube namuhla.

Ukumba ungene ngaphakathi Isithombe seDorian Gray, eyakhishwa eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwakhe, sithola inoveli eyashicilelwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene eyaqala ukuvela kumagazini wanyanga zonke lapho kushicilelwa khona amagama asuswe cishe angama-500 ngenxa yokwesaba imiphumela esemthethweni ekuziphatheni okubi kwayo okubonwayo.

Kamuva yabuyekezwa futhi yashicilelwa ngendlela yenoveli, futhi ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ngenxa yendaba.

UDorian yinsizwa esaba ukonakala kweminyaka ngemuva kokuwela kuligi noLord Henry Wotton. Lapho uvalo lukhula, ufisa ukuthengisa umphefumulo wakhe ukuze abalekele ukuguga nokufa, futhi njengoba kwenzeka kaningi kulezi zinganekwane, isifiso sakhe siyanikezwa.

UGrey uba nguLibertine wokugcina, ophila impilo eyonakele ngenxa yobuhle bakhe obukhulu obungapheli, yize isithombe sakhe siqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo, ekhombisa izimpawu zeminyaka yakhe nezindleko zezono zakhe eziningi emzimbeni wakhe.

Njengoba imiphumela yempilo yakhe iqala ukumthola, uDorian uthukuthela ngolunye usuku kusihlwa bese ethatha ummese emdwebeni, awugwaze ngenhliziyo. Ukukhala kwakhe kuzwakala emgwaqeni futhi lapho kutholakala isidumbu sakhe, kungesomuntu omdala, onesifo ngenkathi umdwebo ubuyiselwe esimeni sawo sokuqala.

Indaba ibingumthombo wokuguquguquka okuningi eminyakeni ecishe ibe yi-130 selokhu yashicilelwa kwasekuqaleni futhi iyaqhubeka nokuvusa umcabango kuze kube namuhla.

Bram Stoker

Ngicabanga ukuthi ngizwe nje ukuphefumula okuzwakalayo.

Kwabaningi, izindaba zokuthi uBram Stoker wayeyindoda eyisitabane evaliwe ziyethusa, kepha ziyiqiniso impela. Umbhali we Dracula waqala ukubhala inoveli ngesikhathi umngani wakhe amthandayo u-Oscar Wilde ebekwa icala lokuziphatha kabi ngokweqile.

Impilo yezitabane efihliwe yavulwa futhi yabhalwa ngokuningiliziwe nguDavid J. Skal encwadini yakhe Okuthile okuseGazini: Indaba Engaziwa yeBram Stoker, Indoda Eyabhala IDracula.

Kuyo, uSkal uhlanganisa ngokucophelela impilo yombhali wamanoveli ongakhombisi ubungane bakhe noWilde kuphela, kepha nobudlelwano bakhe obuhlala buqinile nobushubile nomunye umbhali wezincwadi uHall Caine. Yizincwadi zakhe ezijaha ukuya kuWalt Whitman, noma kunjalo, ezisinikeza ukuqonda okukhulu ngempilo yangasese kanye nezifiso zikaStoker.

Wabhalela uWhitman ukuthi wayefisa ukuba "ngowemvelo" ngaphambi kombhali, ebiza uWhitman ngokuthi "indoda eyiqiniso" esho ukuthi uzimisele ukuba "ngumfundi phambi kweNkosi yakhe" ebukhoneni bukaWhitman.

Ngalolu lwazi, izinto ezithile ziyacaca lapho ufunda inoveli yesidina yombhali. Kuvame kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bukaDracula noHarker njengoba omakoti be-Counter vampiric besondela kule nsizwa ebukekayo, uDracula uyivikela kubo, bethi “Lo muntu ungowami!”

Vele idumela le- Dracula ihlala futhi lapho ihlolisiswa empeleni ingafundwa njengenoveli eyamukela ukumangala kwayo emakhasini okuqala. Uhlobo lwesimanjemanje olwesabisayo lukweleta kakhulu iBram Stoker.

URosa Campbell Wadumisa

URosa Campbell Praed wayengowesifazane ophawulekayo.

Wazalelwa e-Australia ngo-1851, uPraed wabhala ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezamukela amasiko amaningi esikhathini lapho kwakungazwakali khona. Wayengomunye wababhali bokuqala ukufaka abalingiswa bomdabu ekubhalweni kwakhe futhi wakwenza lokho ngesithunzi okungekho muntu owake wabona.

Indaba yakhe ingeyokushintsha nokushintsha njalo, kepha into eyodwa esiyaziyo ukuthi waphila iminyaka engama-30 nomuntu osebenzisa ezomoya ogama lakhe linguNancy Harward, futhi kwaba ngaleso sikhathi lapho aphendulela khona ipeni lakhe ezindabeni eziyizipoki futhi izinganekwane ezinhle njengeveli yakhe Nyria okwathi, kamuva kwembulwa, kwakususelwa ezindabeni ezihlobene nomuntu osesithombeni.

Kamuva washicilela konke ukubalwa kwezikhathi okwakulandiswa okwenzeka entombazaneni okuthiwa uNyria eyayihlala eRoma cishe eminyakeni eyi-1800 eyedlule.

Inoveli kanye nokukhishwa kamuva kokubhaliwe komsebenzi we-medium's trance kwafika ekuphakameni kwenhlangano yokomoya futhi izindaba zakhe zemilingo nokuphindukuzalwa zasiza ekwakheni ikusasa, hhayi kuphela lamanoveli nokuxoxa izindaba, kepha nakwifilimu.